| 文章名 | Sociolinguistic perspectives on emerging multilingualism in urban Europe |
| 作者 | Guus Extra, Kutlay Yagmur |
| 摘要 | In this article, sociolinguistic perspectives on the status and use of immigrant minority (henceforward IM) languages are presented. After a general introduction to the theme we focus on multilingualism and European identity, paying special attention to the European discourse on IM groups and integration. Next, we present information on the rationale, design, and core results of large scale home language surveys in six major multicultural cities across Europe. The data were collected and analyzed as part of the Multilingual Cities Project, carried out under the auspices of the European Cultural Foundation, established in Amsterdam. Against this background, we deal with the need for changing language regimes at school as a consequence of processes of migration and minorization across European nation states. |
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| 文章名 | Japanese language policy from the point of view of public philosophy |
| 作者 | |
| 摘要 | This paper considers Japanese language policy from the point of view of public philosophy. To this end the concept of a ‘‘policy-framework’’ is discussed in terms of the trichotomy of rights, policy, and policy framework. It is designed to balance cultural diversity, on the one hand, and social order, on the other, and it therefore often characterized as endorsing multiculturalism. This paper proposes a policy framework of cultural nationalism that puts more emphasis on social order and integration than on freedom of choice and diversity, while at the same time advocating a balanced policy approach. In a broad sense, it can be subsumed under the label of multiculturalism, and can as such provide a practical basis for a language policy for Japan in the future.It will take some time before a Japanese language policy can be considered and enforced within a policy framework of cultural nationalism. For now, what we need to do is to cultivate a national consciousness of language ethics, and to deal with language problems, not in an emotional or ideological way but in pragmatic terms, paying due attention to financial sustainability. |
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| 文章名 | Signs of multilingualism in Tokyo — a diachronic look at the linguistic landscape |
| 作者 | Peter Backhaus |
| 摘要 | This article examines multilingual signs in the streets of Tokyo. It focuses on the diachronic development of Tokyo’s linguistic landscape since the early 1990s. Based on data gained in the course of an empirical study in 2003, it will be demonstrated how the coexistence of older and newer types of signs allows for the detection and reconstruction of ongoing changes in language use patterns. Results suggest an increase in linguistic heterogeneity with regard to (1) languages and scripts contained on the signs; (2) amount of multilingual information; (3) foreign language proficiency; and (4) proportion of languages and scripts. |
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| 文章名 | Econolinguistic aspects of multilingual signs in Japan |
| 作者 | Fumio Inoue |
| 摘要 | In this paper recent trends of multilingual usage in Japan will be treated from the standpoint of the economy of language. Four different stages of language use are characterized on the basis of observation. The basic underlying idea is that general attitudes to language use in Japan can be categorized into four main types, if the notation or writing system (kanji, katakana and alphabetic notation) is taken into consideration. These four types can be applied not only to the Japanese notation system, but also to language use and dialect use. Various sociolinguistic phenomena seem to have the same social background. However, because of limitations of space, I will concentrate on the use of kanji, katakana and alphabetic notations in Japanese. The four types are (1) the kanji-dominant type, (2) the katakana-dominant type, (3) the alphabet-dominant type, and (4) the alphabet-plus type. They will be discussed one by one in this order. The kanji dominant type is associated with the cognitive use of British English, the katakana dominant type with the affective use of American English, the alphabet dominant type with the symbolic use of international English, and the alphabet-plus type with the practical use of various indigenous systems of writing. The first three types coincide with three kinds of social attitudes towards dialects in Japan: from ‘‘dialect eradication’’ through ‘‘dialect description’’ to ‘‘dialects for pleasure’’. The basic underlying mechanism of language attitude is probably common to all types. These attitudes can be understood as an integrated process of the modernization of Japanese, as discussed by Neustupný in this issue. |
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| 文章名 | Regional dialect and cultural development in Japan and Europe |
| 作者 | Kiyoshi Hara |
| 摘要 | Linguistic revitalization is not confined to minority languages or endangered languages alone but includes regional dialects. This paper examines the case of Japan, starting with the experiences of the Ryūkyū archipelago and then that of other regions in mainland Japan. Following this discussion, the case of Jersey in the Channel Islands will be discussed for the sake of comparison. It is argued that dialectal revitalization movements are cultural phenomena of developed countries. Language revitalization movements are analyzed mainly from a sociological point of view. In particular, the relationship of the private sector and public authorities, involvement of local intellectuals and activists, intergenerational problems, cultural linkage, traditional festivals and cultural and economic effects on local populations are investigated. As a representative example, the dialect movement of Okinawa Island is discussed in greater detail here. Okinawan movements must be considered threshold cases between minority language and dialect revitalization movements. The Amami island group furthermore provides us with a comparative case to Jersey. Although dialect revitalization movements draw less attention than those concerning minority languages, they are also affected by changing language regimes. We can, therefore, expect that these movements will continue to influence language attitudes toward regional dialects as well as toward standard languages. |
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| 文章名 | Language ideology in JFL textbooks |
| 作者 | Patrick Heinrich |
| 摘要 | This study analyzes language ideology as it surfaces in Japanese as a foreign language (JFL) teaching materials. The perspective presented in selected materials is examined with respect to how the target language is portrayed. Furthermore, portrayals of foreign language learners and their relationship with Japanese are studied. It is argued that teaching materials propagate and thereby legitimize socially accepted knowledge, which has its origin in the educated middle class of urban centers. It is to their standards that the foreign language learner is expected to aspire. This ambitious learning objective, driven by ideological notions of what Japanese ought to be, is responsible for a strict focus on educated middle class views, activities and language use. At the same time, the learning objective reaffirms the domination of the native speaker over the language learner. The study concludes that foreign language education which aims at native-like proficiency inevitably results in unequal power relations between native speakers of Japanese and learners of Japanese as a foreign language. |
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| 文章名 | Learning to read and write in Japanese (kokugo and nihongo): a barrier to multilingualism? |
| 作者 | Christian Galan |
| 摘要 | Japan is undergoing an acute demographic crisis, which in coming years will bring an increasingly large number of ‘‘newcomers’’ to this country. The presence in Japan of this new kind of economic immigrants will raise the issue of their integration to greater prominence and will, therefore, lead to a redefinition of citizenship and Japaneseness. This article examines these various topics through various questions relating to the Japanese school system and the Japanese written language. Are Japanese schools ready to welcome a large number of students with limited or no Japanese language ability? What is the main difficulty of written Japanese? How was the current method of teaching reading and writing set up in Japan? Is this method suitable for non-Japanese children? Could learning to read and write in Japanese be a barrier to multilingualism? |
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| 文章名 | Interactional expectations and lingusitic knowledge in academic expert discourse (Japanese / German) |
| 作者 | Christiane Hohenstein |
| 摘要 | This article deals with the relation of linguistic knowledge and interactional expectations in spoken professional discourse, more specifically, academic expert presentations in Japanese and German, L1 and L2. It argues that crucial pragmatic differences between L1 Japanese and L1 German corpus data concern linguistic means which process interactional expectations on the part of the hearer in language specific manners. Because of differing discourse procedures in Japanese and German, as hearers, German and Japanese L1 speakers hold differing expectations toward what a speaker is doing and how s/he is going about it. The significance of these ‘interactional expectations’ is in that they facilitate processes of understanding on the part of the hearer (H) by enabling H to anticipate illocutionary and / or propositional relations between utterances in discourse. After a short discussion of the concept of ‘‘interactional expectations’’ in section 1, the data and research context are described section 2. Drawing on corpus data, some of the characteristics and distinct language specific constructions in L1 Japanese academic expert presentations are outlined and contrasted with L1 German in section 3; in section 4 a comparison of an L1 Japanese example with L2 German by an L1 Japanese speaker reveals ‘‘pragmatic transfer’’ based on differences in the pragmatic patterns of L1 Japanese and L1 German discourses, specifically discussed with regard to aspects of social deixis/politeness. In section 5 supplementary evidence of a general difference between (inter-)actional and propositional organization in Japanese and German academic expert presentations is discussed with regard to fillers / speaker’s exotheses and prefatory actions, and in section 6 modals and connectives as linguistic means organizing discourse structures. In section 7, a conclusion is drawn focusing on the need to reflect on interactional expectations in multilingual settings, in order to enable L1 interactants to link non-L1 like linguistic realizations to actually shared discourse purposes in multlilingual constellations. |
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| 文章名 | Language policy and planning of the status of Basque, I: the Basque Autonomous Community (BAC) |
| 作者 | Miren Mateo |
| 摘要 | This article is a general presentation of the policy carried out by the Basque Government for the promotion of the Basque language in the BAC. It introduces the General Plan for Promoting Basque Language Use, its effects and challenges. In short, this plan is a strategic plan for continuous advancement in language normalization. Its principle objective is to decide on and promote the language policy measures necessary to guarantee that those wishing to conduct their lives in Basque are able to do so. |
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| 文章名 | Language policy and planning of the status of Basque, II: Navarre and the Northern Basque Country |
| 作者 | Jose M. Legarra, Erramun Baxok |
| 摘要 | This article deals with the sociolinguistic situation of the status of the Basque language in the territories of Navarre and Iparralde (the Northern Basque Country), which in one of the cases is partly due to the restrictive linguistic policy pursued by the Government of Navarre, and in the other case to the absence of a specific linguistic policy in Iparralde. |
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| 文章名 | The sociolinguistic situation in the Basque Country according to the 2001 Sociolinguistic Survey |
| 作者 | Xabier Aizpurua Telleria, Jon Aizpurua Espin |
| 摘要 | The basic objective of this article is to carry out a study of the current sociolinguistic situation in the Basque Country from the point of view of language skills (language competence, first language, language use, interest in and attitudes), not only from a synchronic point of view, but also from a diachronic perspective. |
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| 文章名 | Minority languages between nationalism and new localism: the case of Italy |
| 作者 | Silvia Dal Negro |
| 摘要 | This paper deals with multilingualism and with the role that language policy plays in the maintenance (or disruption) of linguistic diversity. Focus is on today’s Italy and on the interplay between the actual complexity of multilingual repertoires diffused on the territory and the practical problems originated by the recent law in defense of minority languages. Particular attention will be paid to the issue of the standard and of newly elaborated languages. A series of case studies are introduced to represent the different patterns of language coexistence and language endangerment that can be found in the country. |
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| 文章名 | A dialect murders another dialect: the case of Hakka in Hong Kong |
| 作者 | Lau Chun Fat |
| 摘要 | Both Hakka and Cantonese are defined as “Chinese dialects” in China. Before Hong Kong developed into a metropolis, Hakka was the most widespread language spoken by the indigenous inhabitants in the rural area. However, Hakka speakers within the territory have almost completed the shift to Cantonese in the past fifty years. The changing political milieu and the language policy of the colonial government caused its extinction in two generation’s time, when Cantonese was enjoying a quasi ‘‘offcial’’ status in the former British colony. The loss of Hakka speakers was caused by the unwillingness of the parent to talk to their children in their ancestral tongue, who themselves were also shifting to Cantonese. Most people regard Hakka as useless and the rating of their tongue is becoming negative in the younger generations. The Hakka fluency, knowledge of pronunciation and vocabulary decrease with age. The worst thing is that most people do not see ‘‘Hakka’’ as a part of the traditional culture of Hong Kong, but just regard it as a barrier for acquiring Hong Kong identity, which almost equals Cantonese language and culture. |
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| 文章名 | Tungusic: an endangered language family in Northeast Asia |
| 作者 | Juha Janhunen |
| 摘要 | Languages of the Tungusic family are historically spoken all over Northeast Asia, including Siberia, Manchuria, and Eastern Turkestan (Xinjiang). Most importantly, the Tungusic family includes Manchu, the offcial administrative language of China during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). Due to the impact of Chinese and Russian, Tungusic languages have been rapidly losing ground, and there are today only two potentially viable groups speaking Tungusic: the Manchu-speaking Sibe (Xibo) in Xinjiang and the Ewenki-speaking Solon (Ewenke) in Northern Inner Mongolia (Western Manchuria). In both cases, the language could only be saved by drastic positive measures at the national and international levels |
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| 文章名 | Diachronic and synchronic overview of the Tujia language of Central South China |
| 作者 | Philip R. Brassett, Cecilia Brassett |
| 摘要 | The Tujia language, which belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, is spoken by members of the Tujia ethnic minority who live in the border regions of Hunan, Hubei and Guizhou Provinces and Chongqing Municipality in the People’s Republic of China. Although the Tujia people number over eight million, there are now only around 70,000 speakers, that is, less than 1% of the Tujia population. This article first traces and discusses the reasons for the historical decline in the use of Tujia, and then investigates contemporary factors which affect language attitudes and use. The linguistic interactions between Tujia and Chinese are also described, together with the resulting phonological, lexical, and grammatical changes. The article concludes that, in its present endangered state, the Tujia language is likely to disappear completely within a few generations. |
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| 文章名 | Language revitalization or dying gasp? Language preservation efforts among the Bisu of Northern Thailand |
| 作者 | Kirk R. Person |
| 摘要 | Bisu, as spoken in Northern Thailand, boasts fewer than one thousand speakers. The low number of speakers plus constant pressure from the outside world definitely qualifies Bisu as an endangered language. The Bisu themselves recognize this fact and their leadership has requested outside help in preserving their language and culture. This article endeavors to describe the sociolinguistic situation in which the Bisu of Northern Thailand find themselves, chronicle efforts to preserve this endangered language through community involvement in the development of an orthography and basic reading materials, and assess the current progress of the project. Additional challenges that may be encountered in the course of preserving the Bisu language for future generations will also be discussed. |
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| 文章名 | The Anong language: studies of a language in decline |
| 作者 | Sun Hongkai |
| 摘要 | Research and investigation of Anong started in 1960. Except for the long interruption during the Cultural Revolution, we did follow-up fieldwork on Anong a number of times at quite regular intervals to collect additional data. Altogether seven fieldwork trips were undertaken over a span of 43 years ending in the fall of 2003. Forty years is a very short time period in terms of diachronic development of a language. Therefore, we should not expect to see a lot of changes in Anong over such a short period of time. However, it is noteworthy that during those years, the region inhabited by the Anong underwent tremendous changes. Revolutionary changes took place in economy, transportation, commerce, culture and education, health, and communications. A once closed Anong society suddenly opened its doors to allow other ethnic groups to come in and settle down in their midst, which led to cross-marriages between Anong and other ethnic minorities. At the same time, some Anong traveled freely from their villages to other places to go to school, to seek employment opportunities, to engage in business activities, and so on. Interactions and communications between various ethnic groups reached unprecedented width and depth. These social changes have been reflected in the Anong language. Data collected from different time periods indicate that the Anong language is undergoing some changes. |
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| 文章名 | Sanie and language loss in China |
| 作者 | David Bradley |
| 摘要 | Most of the many languages spoken by the large and widely distributed Yi nationality in China are endangered. One such is Sanie, spoken by about 8,000 people from a group of over 17,000 near Kunming in Yunnan. In surveying the area around Kuming, we located Sanie and a number of other undescribed and in most cases unreported endangered languages. Sanie is remarkable in that in some dialects it preserves velar plus | w | clusters which have been simplified in all other closely related languages. Such a cluster is found in the group name; this gives us a clearer understanding of the original autonym for the Yi languages as a whole. Therefore, the new name Ngwi for this group of languages is proposed, with etymological justifications. Sanie also has a large range of internal differences, suggesting that processes of change are speeded up during the process of language death. However it is shown to be a typical Eastern Yi language, like several of the other endangered languages spoken around Kunming including Samataw and Samei. |
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| 文章名 | A vanishing language: the case of Xiandao |
| 作者 | Linda Tsung, Dai Qingxia |
| 摘要 | This article aims to analyze the social functions and linguistic features of an endangered language: Xiandao, and discuss the major factors that have caused Xiandao to become endangered. The research data is drawn from recent fieldwork conducted in two villages in Jiemao district, Yingjiang County, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. Local administrators, teachers, and all Xiandao families were interviewed. In addition, descriptive linguistic studies were conducted into the grammar, text, and vocabulary glossary of Xiandao. The findings show that most Xiandao people speak three languages: Xiandao, Jingpo and Chinese, but the younger generation speak better Jingpo or Chinese than Xiandao. The Xiandao people live intermingled with and intermarry with the Jingpo and Han Chinese people and are strongly influenced by Jingpo culture and customs and their participation in the Christian religion through the Jingpo language. This close contact with other people has resulted in a language shift to the use of the Jingpo and Chinese languages for much of their daily communication. Xiandao has also adopted many loanwords from the Jingpo and Chinese languages. It is anticipated that, unless effective work is undertaken quickly to revive the language, Xiandao will be replaced by other languages in the near future. |
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| 文章名 | The Sociolinguistics of Status in Pohnpei |
| 作者 | Elizabeth Keating |
| 摘要 | Pohnpeian is one of several Pacific languages with a complex honorific speech register. Studying everyday interactions in which honorific speech occurs reveals that the use of these status-marking forms is not as regularized as native speakers imply or as theories would predict. This suggests that asymmetries of status may be context-specific in ways that are not revealed by generalized descriptions of a society's social organization. Looking at particular interactions contributes to our understanding of the situated, collaborative process of creating and sustaining social difference. Pohnpeians use honorifics to create status relationships between individuals when referring to a person's activities, such as giving and taking or coming and going, as well as when referring to possessions, knowledge states, food and eating. In Pohnpei, as in some other Pacific societies, high and low status are linked to vertical as well as horizontal spatial orientations, so that space can be reinterpreted in a way that is analogous to status markings in language. This paper discusses some of the ways speakers use language to build notions of “high status” and “low status” not just as different levels, but as saliently different spheres of influence and efficacy. |
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| 文章名 | Will Cyberforums Save Endangered Languages? A Niuean Case Study |
| 作者 | Wolfgang B. Sperlich |
| 摘要 | Pacific Island nations have recently been involved in selling their country domain names, notably, “.nu” (for Niue) and “.tv” (for Tuvalu). In Niue's case this has given free access to the Internet to those living in Niue, resulting in a subsequent rise in their participation in Web-based forums that deal exclusively with Niuean issues. One site, OKA-KOA, based in Australia and modeled on the KAVABOWL Web site catering generally to Pacific Islanders, has a number of forums in which Niueans discuss everything from politics to family weddings. Included is a forum dedicated to Niuean language issues. This paper analyzes the Niuean language use in the OKA-KOA site, looking at the potential for a Niuean language renaissance. On the positive side, Web-based discourse allows the Niuean diaspora to communicate with each other and with native-speaking Niueans who still reside in Niue, boosting exposure to native language use. However, as examples indicate, the fast-changing technology driving the Web attracts users of English and fosters a code-mixed English and Niuean insider language. In conclusion, speculations on the benefits offered online for the Niuean language are made. |
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| 文章名 | In search of the Missing M ori Links—Maintaining Both Ethnic Identity and Linguistic Integrity in the Revitalization of the M ori Language |
| 作者 | 1, 0, 85, 0, 1, 11, 85, 22 Bitmap Bitmap |
| 摘要 | For Mori, the correct answer to the question “Who are you?” for any individual lies in the formulaic sayings of each of his or her own extended family and tribal groupings whose ancestral lands and waterways are located throughout Aotearoa / New Zealand. Genealogy is also an important and highly prized means of identification. In this article the saying of Te Whnau Moana group of extended families (hap) of Karikari in the far northern region of the country is explained as an example. Given that such sayings are always expressed in Mori, the question arises as to how children whose parents and teachers are not good speakers of Mori will fare in terms of identity. Difficulties in the Mori language of teachers and children in Mori-language immersion preschools and schools (khanga reo and kura kaupapa Mori) are identified as grammar-related. Solutions are suggested whereby the grammar of second-language learners can be improved. |
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| 文章名 | Toward Trilingual Education in Vaasa/Vasa, Finland |
| 作者 | Siv Björklund |
| 摘要 | This paper discusses trilingual education in Swedish, Finnish, and English in the bilingual city of Vaasa/Vasa in Finland. The introduction provides background information about the sociolinguistic situation and the role of languages in education in Finland. Then the paper focuses on Vaasa/Vasa where a Swedish immersion program for Finnish-speaking monolingual children started in 1987. Gradually, the teaching of foreign languages (mainly English and German) has introduced a more content-based approach and the positive impact of this methodological approach has been related to the success of immersion programs. The paper goes on to report the results of some research studies comparing oral and written production in English by immersion and non-immersion students. In these small-scale studies it has been found that immersion students are more advanced users of English. In the last section of the paper some data about the positive attitudes of students toward learning English are discussed. |
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| 文章名 | English in Bilingual Programs in the Basque Country |
| 作者 | Jasone Cenoz |
| 摘要 | This paper focuses on bilingual and trilingual education in the Basque Autonomous Community in Spain, where Basque and Spanish are official languages. The use of Basque as the language of instruction is widespread and there is a trend to introduce English as a third language from a very early age. The paper also discusses the use of English as an additional language of instruction within the bilingual system and the teaching conditions. It also summarizes the results of research on multilingual schooling in the Basque Country, which has focused on different areas such as the development of proficiency in Basque and Spanish, the effect of bilingualism on third-language acquisition, the effect of early instruction on the development of proficiency in English or other languages and on the cognitive development. Finally, some of the challenges that the Basque educational multilingual system will have to face in the course of the next years are considered. |
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| 文章名 | Trilingualism in the Catalan Educational System |
| 作者 | Carmen Muñoz |
| 摘要 | This paper focuses on the use of Catalan, Spanish, and English in Catalonia, Spain, where Catalan and Spanish are official languages. The school curriculum includes at least three languages (Catalan, Spanish, and English) and Catalan has become the main language of instruction. The paper summarizes the use of the three languages in the curriculum and the teaching conditions and describes in more detail the teaching of English as an additional language within the bilingual educational system. It also reports the results of two studies on language achievement in the three languages and attitudes toward English. The paper also identifies the strong and weak points of the present linguistic situation in Catalonia as related to attitudes toward trilingualism and proficiency in Catalan, Spanish, and English. According to the research results one of the main challenges in the near future is to improve the level of proficiency in English. |
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| 文章名 | Trilingual Education in Switzerland |
| 作者 | Claudine Brohy |
| 摘要 | The Swiss Confederation is known for its historical multilingualism. The four national languages are, however, unequally distributed among its inhabitants. Individual foreign-language competence, including English, also varies strongly. The educational system reflects cantonal differences. The article distinguishes between strong, intermediate, and weak forms of trilingual education. The strong form can be found at university level, the intermediate form includes all bilingual models with a course in one additional language, and the weak form is found frequently, in particular, in secondary education. A new model of multilingualism emerges with two national languages, plus English. Research has thus far dealt mainly with the outcomes of bilingual education, but in the near future will focus more on the differences between second- and third-language learning and the outcomes of trilingual education. |
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| 文章名 | Neoliberalism and Minority-Language Planning in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland |
| 作者 | Emily Mcewan-Fujita |
| 摘要 | This paper describes the influence of neoliberal ideologies and practices of governance on minority-language planning in Scotland. It focuses on the development practices of Gaelic-language planning through the example of a particular language development program called the “Gaelic in the Community Scheme.” The Scheme was funded with a combination of European Union Structural Funds and Scottish public economic development grants, and its purpose was to disburse grants to voluntary community groups in order to help create infrastructure for “Gaelic activities.” Based on field research conducted in 1999–2000, I describe three aspects of the Scheme that demonstrate how neoliberal economic development practices can negatively impact Gaelic-language planning, even as they seem to facilitate the creation of language-planning programs. The first aspect is the use of both English and Gaelic registers of “development discourse,” which reinforces Gaelic-English diglossia in Gaelic-speaking areas. The second is the problem of unexamined conceptions of “community,” which can reduce the number of opportunities for Gaelic-English bilinguals to speak Gaelic. The third aspect is the quantifiable and economistic nature of the criteria used to assess the success or failure of the Scheme, which do not take into account the actual linguistic behavior of participants. These aspects of the Scheme illustrate how language planning based on sociolinguistic principles has been marginalized from neoliberally influenced Gaelic-language planning. |
