| 文章名 | A methodological approach to the history of the sociolinguistics of the Spanish language |
| 作者 | Florentino Paredes, Pedro Sánchez-Prieto Borja |
| 摘要 | Currently, the study of linguistic change is understood to examine the process linked to the most general aspects of linguistic variation. It seems inexcusable today to focus on sociolinguistic methodology by adopting a purely sociolinguistic approach to the history of language. Sociolinguistics is the discipline that has best explained the mechanisms of change in language, but the incorporation of this approach into diachronic research is not free from difficulties, one of which is the relative ignorance of how past societies functioned, as well as the limitations of relying exclusively on written texts. Given these circumstances, it is imperative to add a wide range of documental material to traditionally used literary sources, and especially important to include those that are closest to oral speech as well as those representing lower and less common registers. In this process we must remember that, over and above the work carried out by institutions, it has been the progressive rates of literacy in society, promoted by general schooling, that has contributed through written texts to the establishment of the linguistic standard. |
| 文章名 | The sociolinguistics of Castilian dialects |
| 作者 | Isabel Molina |
| 摘要 | This article reviews some variable processes active in urban Castilian speech: the yeísmo, the treatment of the intervocalic -|d|-, the relaxation or the emphasis of the implosive -|s| and -|d|, the leísmo, laísmo, and loísmo and the replacement of the subjunctive with the conditional. The objective here is to examine who is driving these changes, the direction they are taking, and what prompts their spread or disappearance. The analysis confirms a movement of convergence from the periphery with the center, which is becoming more marked among higher sociocultural levels, but is also affecting the lower strata whereby the dialectical variations lose the prestige that is enjoyed in the cities |
| 文章名 | Sociolinguistic issues of Madrid |
| 作者 | Ana Ma Cestero, Isabel Molina, Florentino Paredes |
| 摘要 | The aim of this article is to present a sociolinguistic appraisal of Extremadura varieties among regional dialects of Spanish. Spanish of Extremadura has historically received influences from different linguistic varieties: Castilian, Portuguese, Old Leonese, and, more recently, Andalusian dialects. Extremadura is a territory where the prestigious Castilian fights with popular uses, exhibiting an innovative phonetics, combined with some old phonetic features, especially in the north, and archaisms in the lexical level. It is interesting to note the existence of two linguistic islands in the province of Cáceres: Malpartida de Plasencia and Serradilla. |
| 文章名 | The sociolinguistics of Spanish in Extremadura |
| 作者 | Manuel Ariza |
| 摘要 | In the same way that Murcia has historically been a transition area where many different cultures and civilizations have met (Iberians, Carthaginians, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Visigoths, Muslims, Jews, Castilians, Aragonese, Catalans, and Genovese), the Spanish spoken in Murcia is a transition dialect, sharing features with Valencian Catalan, Castilian, Aragonese, and Andalusian Spanish. Its linguistic characterization has, therefore, traditionally been notably nonstandard, like the rest of southern varieties of peninsular Spanish. The aim of this article is to give an account of the current sociolinguistic situation of the Spanish spoken in Murcia, in southeastern Spain, focusing on its covert prestige characterization and its consequences in terms of dialect obsolescence in favor of the adoption of Standard Castilian Spanish, the structure of diffusion of this standard, and dialect choice in public contexts. |
| 文章名 | Sociolinguistic aspects of Murcian Spanish |
| 作者 | Juan Manuel Hernández-Campoy |
| 摘要 | In the same way that Murcia has historically been a transition area where many different cultures and civilizations have met (Iberians, Carthaginians, Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Visigoths, Muslims, Jews, Castilians, Aragonese, Catalans, and Genovese), the Spanish spoken in Murcia is a transition dialect, sharing features with Valencian Catalan, Castilian, Aragonese, and Andalusian Spanish. Its linguistic characterization has, therefore, traditionally been notably nonstandard, like the rest of southern varieties of peninsular Spanish. The aim of this article is to give an account of the current sociolinguistic situation of the Spanish spoken in Murcia, in southeastern Spain, focusing on its covert prestige characterization and its consequences in terms of dialect obsolescence in favor of the adoption of Standard Castilian Spanish, the structure of diffusion of this standard, and dialect choice in public contexts. |
| 文章名 | Sociolinguistic patterns of Andalusian Spanish |
| 作者 | Juan Andrés Villena-Ponsoda |
| 摘要 | The aim of this article is to provide a sociolinguistic appraisal of Andalusian dialectal varieties of Spanish. Andalusian is derived from a southern simplification of the phonological system of thirteenth-century Castilian as the result of dialect koineization. Innovatory varieties accept natural phonological changes affecting syllable structure and reduce phoneme inventory. Since standard Spanish is a conservative dialect, Andalusian is said to be divergent. Nevertheless, convergent trends of pronunciation also develop among the most educated speakers, so that Andalusian speech communities exhibit a great deal of variation, and southern divergent features can be reversed through social pressures into a less natural and more complex phonemic system.What characterizes today's Andalusian speech behavior is a certain division between eastern and western varieties, which is the result of historical, social, and structural conditions. Convergence and divergence from the national standard underlie recent developments. On the one hand, western divergence and social acceptance of southern features is taking these varieties away from the national standard of Spain and bringing them nearer to the innovatory dialects of America. On the other hand, eastern convergence is contributing to the formation of a regional koiné where separated varieties are hardly recognized. |
| 文章名 | Sociolinguistics aspects of Spanish in the Canary Islands |
| 作者 | José Antonio Samper-Padilla |
| 摘要 | These pages present, in summary form, the features that typify a linguistic modality that, situated halfway between the Spanish of Spain and that of the Americas, has its own well-defined personality within the broad range of geographical variation that is Spanish. These pages alsoshow the confrontation that occurs between forms of various origins traditional and innovative — within the limited space of the islands, where we find an array of solutions resultingfrom the different impact of the various social determinants |
| 文章名 | Immigrants in Spain: sociolinguistic issues |
| 作者 | M. Teresa Hernández-García, Félix Villalba-Martínez |
| 摘要 | A general vision of immigration in Spain will be presented in the following pages, with an emphasis on the sociolinguistic aspects of the teaching/learning of Spanish as an L2. The changes that Spain has undergone over the last quarter century have been so intense that they have had an impact on the traditional migratory tendency of the country, causing it to pass from the producer of migrants to the receiver of immigrants. Figures support this statement: the fact, for instance, that a million and a half Spanish immigrants were still living abroad in 1995, while the number of foreigners residing in Spain at present has reached more than three million. In spite of the fact that Spain is still far behind neighboring countries in terms of the numbers of immigrants living there, immigration has contributed to the demographic rise and economic development of the nation. At the same time, however, it has also caused a series of social demands that have not always been met adequately; for example, the schooling of child and teenage immigrants, access to the labor market for immigrant workers, access to the health system, housing, etc. Also, for a high percentage of the immigrant population, the learning of the Spanish language becomes one of their primary necessities upon arrival. This need, in the case of children and teenagers, is being met by the educational institutions, though with differing results. A lack of an official Spanish as an L2 curriculum that combines general communicative as well as academic competence causes the Spanish-language teaching programs to become less efficient. |
| 文章名 | Choosing how to write sign language: a sociolinguistic perspective |
| 作者 | Jason Hopkins |
| 摘要 | This article introduces the reader to the sociolinguistic issues surrounding the adoption of a writing system for sign languages. Initially, some background on sign language and Deaf culture is presented, followed by a discussion of several alternatives for writing sign languages and how these alternatives have been used and/or adopted. Sign languages in most parts of the world compete with spoken languages (languages that have established written traditions), resulting in diglossia. Though many scholars who work with the deaf community have tried to develop ways to write sign language(s), many Deaf do not feel the need for a writing system, either because they use video media or because they see writing as best done in the dominant language in their diglossic situation. |
| 文章名 | On “unified Serbo-Croatian” and its “new successor languages”: a case study of scholarly treatment |
| 作者 | Radoslav Katičić |
| 摘要 | Reading Professor Robert D. Greenberg's book Language and Identity in the Balkans, one encounters many obviously wrong claims. It takes a while to perceive that it results from an approach that disregards reality. The author believes indeed that Serbo-Croatian really existed as a living unified language, and then ceased to exist, although he himself mentions many data about developments and circumstances that allow us to infer that this was not the case. Nevertheless, his faith remains unshakable. Things appear even stranger when it becomes evident that his belief is almost solely based on the so-called 1850 Vienna Literary Agreement and the 1954 Novi Sad Agreement, which stipulate such a unified literary language for Serbs and Croats without taking into account the whole historical context of these two events. This only shows that a unified Serbo-Croatian standard language was a project supported by important champions, but nota linguistic reality. In the book, linguistic reality is consequently disregarded as a factor in itself and considered in the light of normative regulations and legal acts of language policy, which they were subsumed under. This considerably hampers any deeper understanding. Such an approach is not only inadequate in itself, but also leads to inadequate interpretations and wrong judgments about the course taken by language history, especially with regard to the literary and the standard language. In addition, the book contains a series of false data and untrue statements about factual matters and obvious misinterpretations of historical developments. In this respect, it is not trustworthy. It is also obvious that, quite regrettably, these mistakes clearly reveal the author's bias in controversial matters. As a case study of scholarly treatment of an atypical course taken by the history of a literary language, this paper may help in understanding other analogous developments in the world, more so as the approach of Professor Greenberg is not quite atypical on occasions in which undesired linguistic loyalties are to be intellectually repressed |
| 文章名 | “Ex Uno Plura”: the uneasy road of Ethiopian languages toward standardization |
| 作者 | Graziano Savà, Mauro Tosco |
| 摘要 | The history of Ethiopia has witnessed a constant struggle between centralizing forces and regional powers. Since 1991 the pendulum has swung clearly toward a policy of “ethnic federalism.” Nevertheless, to date only a few of the about eighty ethnic groups of Ethiopia have implemented the right to fully develop their own language and use it in education and administration, as enshrined in the new federal constitution. Actually, only Oromo (the second or possibly even the first language of the country in demographic terms) has been equipped to become a full-fledged medium in the fields of education, administration, and publication. For many other languages, reshaping has been limited to the selection of an orthography, accompanied by the introduction of the local language in the first years of the school curriculum and the production of primers or dictionaries. After a comparison with the previous language policies of the country and of neighboring Eritrea, the article discusses the problems facing the standardization and Ausbauization of Ethiopian languages: orthographic choices, the selection of the official variety to be implemented, the elaboration of modern technical vocabulary, and the production of high-quality written material. |
| 文章名 | Gender, sex, and language in Valencia: attitudes toward sex-related language among Spanish and Catalan speakers |
| 作者 | José Santaemilia |
| 摘要 | This article includes two parts: the first part is a review of the work which is being done in Valencia in the field of gender, sex(uality), and language. The land of Valencia (the old “Kingdom of Valencia”), once an independent political entity, is now part of today's constitutional Spain, and its history is a dynamic mixture of religious, cultural, and political traditions. In Valencia two languages and cultures coexist: Spanish (as the dominant language) and Catalan (or “Valencian,” in a situation of diglossia or “asymmetric bilingualism”). While both are Romance languages and have important linguistic similarities, Spanish and Catalan differ significantly as to their legal situation, political status, literary tradition, or degree of (in)formality. The second part of the article presents the discussions of a questionnaire on sex-related language (SL), held with two groups of undergraduates at the University of Valencia whose native languages were, respectively, Spanish and Catalan. Students discuss their ideas of what “sex(uality)” is; the texts or communicative situations in which they use SL; the sex-related words or expressions which they are (un)likely to use; how they are affected by SL (whether they are offended, embarrassed, etc.); their attitudes towards certain SL manifestations (dirty jokes, swearing, insults, or erotic literature); the connection between SL manifestations and gender; and so on. |
| 文章名 | Between the languages of silence and the woman's word: gender and language in the work of Assia Djebar |
| 作者 | Zahia Smail Salhi |
| 摘要 | To explore the issue of language in Djebar's work is no easy matter. In fact one may speak of languages rather than language and of voices rather than voice. And even when we speak of voices, Djebar's work is often about the non-voice and the multifarious silences of women. One important factor that groups these languages, voices and silences together is the omnipresent question of gender, which makes the main axle of Djebar's work from her first novel in 1957 to the present. Nevertheless, these two elements: language and gender are indissoluble when one speaks of Djebar, not only as a bilingual and Francophone writer but also as a bicultural woman straddling two worlds; that of the colonizer and that of the colonized both in colonial and post-colonial Algeria. She affirms, “For me, feminism has always been tied up with the question of language” (Djebar 1992: 176). This article endeavors to investigate the tantalizing fashion in which these two entities work in the Djebarian oeuvre. |
| 文章名 | Morocco's languages and gender: evidence from the field |
| 作者 | Jan Jaap De Ruiter |
| 摘要 | This article is a comparative study of the gender approach of Sadiqi (2003) to Moroccan society and the sociolinguistic survey of De Ruiter (2006) carried out among 569 Moroccan students. Sadiqi labels the various languages used in Morocco, Standard and dialectal Arabic, French, and Amazigh (Berber) in terms of gender. Her observations are compared to the De Ruiter data on language proficiency, use, and attitudes of young Moroccan men and women with the aim to see to what extent the gender characterization of Sadiqi and the data of De Ruiter match. Full matches between both studies were not established, but the comparison shows that observational studies like the one by Sadiqi (2003), combined with empirical studies such as De Ruiter's (2006), yield a very rich basis for a fruitful evaluation and discussion of Morocco's languages in terms of gender. |
| 文章名 | Language and gender in Moroccan urban areas |
| 作者 | Fatima Sadiqi |
| 摘要 | A central issue in the interaction between language and gender in Morocco is urbanity. The written languages, namely Modern Standard Arabic and French, are the languages of institutions which have always been closely linked to urban areas, the typical loci of knowledge and power. Non-written languages, namely Berber and Moroccan colloquial Arabic, are represented as rural and indigenous because they are unlearned and are associated with rural areas, particularly Berber. Unlike the latter, Modern Standard Arabic and French are powerful because they are elitist, given their relation to education, government, and religion (Modern Standard Arabic). Berber and Moroccan Arabic are considered low or powerless because they lack the above-mentioned qualities and they are unimportant for social promotion. Language representations in Morocco are also important because they interact in significant ways with gender. Whereas Modern Standard Arabic and French are associated with public space, Berber and Moroccan Arabic are linked to private space, which happens to be the typical space of women; given the correlation between women, native tongues, and private space. However, with women's access to free education and to work in postcolonial Morocco, the notion of space changed, resulting in the recent mass feminization of the public sphere and women's access to “urban” languages, i.e., French and Modern Standard Arabic. As women have become more active in public life and the public sphere in general, they are considerably contributing to linguistic change and diversity and intensely instigating significant social changes |
| 文章名 | Representations of women in Moroccan Arabic and Berber proverbs |
| 作者 | Moha Ennaji |
| 摘要 | The ideas and practices of gender are shaped and transmitted through language as the spoken word/s and the written word/s, and through gestures and the body. Language, in its various modes and registers, helps to disseminate ideas and practices of gender. Language is vehicle, knowledge, and power. It shapes images and representations of women through stereotypes, namely through proverbs, tales, adages, advertising, etc. Proverbs in particular have been tools of affirmation and resistance, of continuity and conversation, of rupture and innovation in the complex grid of gender and culture. |
| 文章名 | Constructing gender identity in two languages |
| 作者 | Suha Safiyiddeen |
| 摘要 | This article explores ways that some Arabic and English bilingual Lebanese students use in constructing their gender identities in the two languages (Arabic and English). The research discussed addresses three questions: (1) To what extent does what the participants say reflect their ideology and gender identity? (2) Do they construct gender according to the cultural norms of the language they are speaking? and (3) Does speaking or learning a second language (SL) in the native country affect their gender performance in the native language (NL), i.e., does the ideology of the foreign culture affect the way they construct gender in the NL or vice versa? The findings show that males and females construct different feminine and masculine identities, in a range of ways, even when speaking the same language (English). I argue that this is because different interpretive repertoires imply different subject positions. Only one male conformed with the native language culture (NLC) stereotypes, one female conformed partially, while the two males and two females seemed to rebel against NLC. In the present study, the discourses produced in English and Arabic display differences in how the two languages construct gender. When people learn and use a foreign language in the mother country, they may either undergo different degrees of change in their understanding of gender, or may use the foreign language as a means of translating their NLC, i.e., find words to express gender ideologies of their NLC. |
| 文章名 | Attitudes to western loanwords in Indonesian |
| 作者 | Tim Hassall, Elisabet Titik Murtisari, Christine Donnelly, Jeff Wood |
| 摘要 | The study examines attitudes of young tertiary educated Indonesians toward words borrowed from English (and formerly Dutch), referred to here as western loanwords (WLWs). Respondents' attitudes were investigated using both a matched guise instrument and overt questionnaire items. The matched guise instrument suggested a dislike of western loanwords, whereas the questionnaire items indicated strongly favorable attitudes to them. The latter measure of attitudes appears to be the more valid, and it is concluded that young highly educated speakers have a strong liking and acceptance of WLWs. As for factors affecting attitudes to WLWs, a good knowledge of these words was conducive to more favorable attitudes toward them. Two other factors, a liking for the donor language (English) and an absence of a strong liking for the receptor language (Indonesian), also appeared to incline people to regard loanwords more favorably. Lastly, it is concluded that the matched guise technique may be unsuitable as a tool for probing attitudes to purely lexical variation within a single speech variety. |
| 文章名 | Minority language use in Cameroon and educated indigenes' attitude to their languages |
| 作者 | Jean-Paul Kouega |
| 摘要 | This article examines the use of indigenous languages in Cameroon and the attitudes of their native speakers to these languages. The subjects are a group of highly literate young male and female Cameroonians doing Combined French–English studies at the University of Yaounde I. The data collected are responses to a 36-item questionnaire devised to check the contexts of use of these languages. The analysis reveals, among other things, that some use of the indigenous languages is reported in the home setting and that these languages are hardly used in the domains of education and the media, especially TV and newspapers. Although these youths are themselves illiterate in their mother tongues, they are prepared to encourage their children to learn their ancestral languages and, if they happen to be rich, they would not hesitate to finance the development of these ancestral languages. |
| 文章名 | Language maintenance among “fortunate immigrants”: The French in the United States and Americans in France |
| 作者 | Jacqueline Lindenfeld, Gabrielle Varro |
| 摘要 | Our comparison of French immigrants in the United States and American immigrants in France (based on extensive fieldwork in each case) first reveals similarities regarding their motives for emigration, demographic and sociocultural characteristics, and contacts with the homeland. However, some marked differences also emerge on closer examination, particularly in the area of language behavior, analyzed here in terms of family bilingualism. In an attempt to account for those differences, we systematically review a number of potential factors of language maintenance ranging from national context to family dynamics and the status of each of the two languages concerned. After a detailed presentation of our findings, we end with considerations on the emerging study of atypical immigrants (or “fortunate immigrants,” as we call them here) in the age of globalization. |
| 文章名 | Language use in interlingual families: Do different languages make a difference? |
| 作者 | Masayo Yamamoto |
| 摘要 | The present study investigates how languages are used in interlingual families, where two or more languages are involved. In analyzing data collected from two different groups of interlingual families, Japanese-Filipino (J-Fi) and Japanese-English (J-E) families, some intriguing group differences are found: the J-Fi families use the societal language much more than the J-E families do; and the J-Fi families employ, either exclusively or complementarily, one or more languages not native to either of the parents (Lα), while none of the J-E families do. The analysis also found a significant group difference in assessing the general Japanese perception of bilingualism in their own native languages and in their bilingual child rearing. In line with the author's previous findings, the present findings suggest that how languages are used in interlingual families could be language sensitive, interrelating with the perceived prestige and possible merits of proficiency in a given language. |
